| Students N = 330 | Practitioners N = 280 | All N = 610 | Chi-square |
---|---|---|---|---|
Medication management and patients’ health care |  |  |  |  |
 1. History taking and reconciliation | 294 (89.1) | 262 (93.6) | 556 (91.1) | F = 4.819, p = 0.090 |
 2. Follow guidelines and protocols to ensure that patient receive optimal drug therapy and provide an effective and safe medicine | 321 (97.3) | 271 (96.8) | 592 (97) | F = 3.750, p = 0.153 |
 3. Monitor and adjust patient therapy | 312 (94.5) | 272 (97.1) | 584 (95.7) | F = 6.156, p = 0.046 |
 4. Detect and resolve drug-related problems (side effects, drug–drug interactions) | 318 (96.4) | 276 (98.6) | 594 (97.4) | F = 2.376, p = 0.305 |
 5. Have prescribing responsibility and provide repeat medication independently | 162 (49.1) | 204 (72.9) | 366 (60) | F = 36.075, p < 0.001 |
 6. Update clinical record | 233 (70.6) | 237 (84.6) | 470 (77) | F = 17.671, p < 0.001 |
Patient examination and screening | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 1. Conduct basic physical assessments | 153 (46.4) | 165 (58.9) | 319 (52.3) | F = 11.073, p = 0.011 |
 2. Play an important role in reducing antibiotic resistance by changing antibiotics or dosing based on laboratory values | 305 (92.4) | 268 (95.7) | 573 (93.9) | F = 6.584, p = 0.037 |
 3. Order and review laboratory tests | 240 (72.3) | 230 (82.1) | 470 (77) | F = 15.109, p = 0.001 |
 4. Conduct drug allergy assessment | 274 (83) | 243 (86.8) | 517 (84.8) | F = 1.659, p = 0.436 |
 5. Review immunizations and provide vaccines where required | 236 (71.5) | 229 (81.8) | 466 (76.4) | F = 11.710, p = 0.008 |
Drug information and education | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 1. Answer medication-related questions from patients and health care professionals | 321 (97.3) | 272 (97.1) | 593 (97.2) | F = 0.042, p = 0.979 |
 2. Counseling and education on medication management (doses, frequency, onset of action, side effects, drug interactions, store condition) and provide evidence-based drug information and recommendations | 322 (97.6) | 276 (98.6) | 598 (98) | F = 1.267, p = 0.531 |
 3. Provide non-pharmacological treatment (diet, exercise, smoking) | 267 (80.9) | 272 (97.1) | 539 (88.4) | F = 38.837, p < 0.001 |
 4. Carry out compounding procedures to produce an effective and safe medicine (preparation of IV antibiotics, total parenteral nutrition) | 221 (67) | 228 (81.4) | 449 (73.6) | F = 16.456, p < 0.001 |
 5. Act as preceptor for students | 255 (77.3) | 247 (88.2) | 502 (82.3) | F = 13.458, p = 0.001 |
 6. Education of general physicians and other practice staff and mentor new prescribers | 263 (79.7) | 232 (82.9) | 495 (81.1) | F = 1.244, p = 0.537 |
 7. Design prevention, intervention, and educational strategies for individuals and communities to manage chronic disease and improve health and wellness | 272 (82.4) | 241 (86.1) | 513 (84.1) | F = 1.897, p = 0.387 |
 8. Educate individuals and communities to manage chronic diseases and improve health and wellness | 296 (89.7) | 265 (94.6) | 561 (92) | F = 5.681, p = 0.058 |
Collaboration and liaison | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 1. Regular participation on patient care rounds | 301 (91.2) | 260 (92.9) | 561 (92) | F = 0.193, p = 0.908 |
 2. Refer to general physician and other health professional | 304 (92.1) | 262 (93.6) | 566 (92.8) | F = 0.507, p = 0.776 |
 3. Participate in multidisciplinary reviews of patients | 291 (88.2) | 240 (85.7) | 531 (87) | F = 2.372, p = 0.305 |
 4. Liaison role between hospital and community pharmacists across health sector | 248 (75.2) | 218 (77.9) | 466 (76.4) | F = 5.674, p = 0.059 |
 5. Collaboration with other health care professionals (GPs, dietician, nurse practitioners) | 316 (95.8) | 270 (96.4) | 586 (96) | F = 1.24, p = 0.444 |
 6. Attend and present at meetings with other healthcare staff and communicate effectively with patients, caregivers, pharmacy personnel, other health care professionals, community members, policy makers and administrators | 306 (92.7) | 270 (96.4) | 576 (94.4) | F = 3.984, p = 0.136 |
 7. Interpret results derived experimentally or by simulation - Summarize and present experimentally or simulated derived data - Write a scientifically sound report of an experiment - Utilize IT in data management and presentation | 273 (82.7) | 230 (82.1) | 503 (82.5) | F = 1.188, p = 0.552 |
 8. Establish collaborative practice agreements with physician | 297 (90) | 252 (90) | 549 (90) | F = 1.673, p = 0.433 |
Quality assurance | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 1. Play an important role in improving patient health outcome | 326 (98.8) | 271 (96.8) | 598 (98) | F = 4.667, p = 0.198 |
 2. Physician workload could be minimized | 276 (83.6) | 240 (85.7) | 516 (84.6) | F = 1.602, p = 0.449 |
 3. Help to reduce drug costs | 258 (78.2) | 260 (92.9) | 518 (84.9) | F = 26.371, p < 0.001 |
 4. Participate in and coordinate research activities | 294 (89.1) | 262 (93.6) | 556 (91.1) | F = 4.300, p = 0.117 |
 5. Developing clinical guidelines and prescribing templates | 272 (82.4) | 240 (85.7) | 512 (83.9) | F = 1.238, p = 0.536 |