Table 4 Perceived psychological impact of COVID-19
Variables | HCWs | NHCWs | HCWs vs NHCWs | HCW students | HCW graduates | Students vs graduates | Frontline HCWs | Backend HCWs | Frontline vs backend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 507 | n = 899 | n = 181 | n = 326 | n = 216 | n = 290 | ||||
No. (%) | No. (%) | p-value | No. (%) | No. (%) | p-value | No. (%) | No. (%) | p-value | |
Anxiety (HADS-A Score cut-off ≥ 6) | |||||||||
Normal | 235 (46.4) | 407 (45.3) | 0.697* | 78 (43.1) | 157 (48.2) | 0.273* | 96 (44.4) | 139 (47.8) | 0.458* |
Abnormal | 272 (53.6) | 492 (54.7) | 103 (56.9) | 169 (51.8) | 120 (55.6) | 152 (52.2) | |||
Mean (SD) | 6.07 (3.56) | 6.34 (3.65) | 0.177† | 6.25 (3.33) | 5.98 (3.69) | 0.409† | 6.9 (3.60) | 5.98 (3.54) | 0.509† |
Depression (HADS-D Score cut-off ≥ 8) | |||||||||
Normal | 235 (46.4) | 390 (43.4) | 0.282* | 68 (37.6) | 167 (51.2) | 0.003* | 109 (50.5) | 126 (43.3) | 0.110* |
Abnormal | 272 (53.6) | 509 (56.6) | 113 (62.4) | 159 (48.8) | 107 (49.5) | 165 (56.7) | |||
Mean (SD) | 7.97 (3.69) | 8.26 (3.83) | 0.163† | 8.40 (3.45) | 7.72 (3.80) | 0.047† | 7.69 (3.92) | 8.18 (3.50) | 0.139† |
COVID-19 will affect my job | |||||||||
Agree | 315 (62.3) | 529 (58.8) | 0.592‡ | 105 (58.3) | 210 (64.4) | 0.844‡ | 146 (67.6) | 169 (58.4) | 0.250‡ |
Neutral | 65 (12.8) | 167 (18.6) | 28 (15.6) | 37 (11.4) | 26 (12.0) | 39 (13.4) | |||
Disagree | 113 (22.3) | 168 (18.7) | 39 (21.7) | 74 (22.7) | 41 (19.0) | 72 (24.8) | |||
Don’t know | 13 (2.6) | 35 (3.9) | 8 (4.4) | 5 (1.5) | 3 (1.4) | 10 (3.4) | |||
COVID-19 will affect my personal life | |||||||||
Agree | 331 (65.3) | 561 (62.4) | 0.877‡ | 112 (61.9) | 219 (67.2) | 0.260‡ | 161 (74.5) | 170 (58.4) | < 0.001‡ |
Neutral | 70 (13.8) | 176 (19.6) | 26 (14.4) | 44 (13.5) | 23 (10.6) | 47 (16.2) | |||
Disagree | 101 (19.9) | 149 (16.6) | 41 (22.6) | 60 (18.4) | 31 (14.4) | 70 (24.1) | |||
Don’t know | 5 (1.0) | 13 (1.4) | 2 (1.1) | 3 (0.9) | 1 (0.5) | 4 (1.3) | |||
COVID-19 has affected my sleeping pattern | |||||||||
Agree | 175 (34.5) | 374 (41.6) | 0.060‡ | 63 (34.8) | 112 (34.4) | 0.324‡ | 79 (36.6) | 96 (33.0) | 0.616‡ |
Neutral | 90 (17.8) | 150 (16.7) | 33 (18.2) | 57 (17.5) | 33 (15.3) | 57 (19.6) | |||
Disagree | 220 (43.4) | 351 (39.0) | 74 (40.9) | 146 (44.8) | 97 (44.9) | 123 (42.3) | |||
Don’t know | 22 (4.3) | 24 (2.7) | 11 (6.1) | 11 (3.3) | 7 (3.2) | 15 (5.1) | |||
COVID-19 has affected my eating habits | |||||||||
Agree | 167 (33.0) | 335 (37.3) | 0.108‡ | 68 (37.6) | 99 (30.5) | 0.100‡ | 69 (32.2) | 98 (33.7) | 0.302‡ |
Neutral | 88 (17.4) | 165 (18.4) | 29 (16.0) | 59 (18.2) | 36 (16.7) | 52 (17.9) | |||
Disagree | 236 (46.6) | 378 (42.0) | 77 (42.5) | 159 (48.8) | 105 (48.8) | 131 (45.0) | |||
Don’t know | 15 (3.0) | 21 (2.3) | 7 (3.9) | 8 (2.5) | 5 (2.3) | 10 (3.4) | |||
I might start/increase smoking cigarettes | |||||||||
Agree | 54 (10.7) | 78 (8.7) | 0.461‡ | 20 (11.1) | 34 (10.4) | 0.675 | 27 (12.5) | 27 (9.3) | 0.429‡ |
Neutral | 32 (6.3) | 89 (9.9) | 10 (5.5) | 19 (5.8) | 13 (6.0) | 19 (6.5) | |||
Disagree | 397 (78.3) | 692 (77.0) | 141 (77.9) | 256 (78.5) | 166 (76.9) | 231 (79.4) | |||
Don’t know | 24 (4.7) | 40 (4.4) | 10 (5.5) | 14 (4.3) | 10 (4.6) | 14 (4.8) | |||
I might start/increase the use of recreational drugs | |||||||||
Agree | 34 (6.7) | 38 (4.2) | 0.154‡ | 11 (6.1) | 23 (7.1) | 0.393 | 19 (8.8) | 15 (5.2) | 0.307‡ |
Neutral | 31 (6.1) | 61 (6.8) | 6 (3.3) | 25 (7.6) | 12 (5.6) | 19 (6.5) | |||
Disagree | 419 (82.6) | 757 (84.2) | 153 (84.5) | 266 (81.6) | 177 (81.9) | 242 (83.1) | |||
Don’t know | 23 (4.6) | 43 (4.8) | 11 (6.1) | 12 (3.7) | 8 (3.7) | 15 (5.2) | |||