Table 2 Articles related to extreme weather events

Albahari (2017)

[21]

Sudan Floods (2013)

Unmet health and social needs

Increase numbers: Volunteer aid including healthcare and dental care

Increase support: training and psychological support for volunteers

Volunteers

Community health services, other

Quality of response measured against a framework (Sphere Handbook)

Broz (2009)

[22]

Hurricane Katrina (2005)

Unmet health and social needs

Increase numbers: cross-sector staff deployments, auxiliary health clinic

Physicians, nurses, public health workers, students

Community health services, primary health care

Lessons learned

Buajaroen (2013)

[23]

Thailand flooding (2011)

Damaged/reduced/insufficient facilities, unmet health and social needs

Increase numbers: solidarity staffing (e.g., deployments to/from other jurisdictions), cross-sector staff deployments

Physicians, nurses, students, volunteers

Community health services, critical care, emergency medical services, hospitals, primary health care, public health

Data about workforce; data about services; data about cost

Comeau (2014)

[24]

Hurricane Ike (2008)

Damaged/reduced/insufficient facilities

Increase flexibility: rapid upskilling/reskilling existing and available workers (e.g., laid off), longer term upskilling/reskilling other workers, alternative deployments for health workers whose normal duties are temporarily suspended, new roles, expanded roles

Physicians, nurse specialists

Critical care, hospitals

Data on patients/procedures (outcomes), enablers

Connelly (2006)

[25]

Hurricane Katrina (2005)

Damaged/reduced/insufficient facilities, mass casualty/patient surge, unmet health and social needs

Increase numbers: solidarity staffing (e.g., deployments to/from other jurisdictions)

Increase support: Enabling communication with home, immunization services for volunteer medical providers

Physicians, nurses, paramedics

Critical care, emergency medical services, hospitals

Lessons learned

Currier (2006)

[26]; Bailey (2008)

[27]

Hurricane Katrina (2005)

Unmet health and social needs

Increase numbers: solidarity staffing (e.g., deployments to/from other jurisdictions), cross-sector staff deployments, interjurisdictional mobility, medical volunteerism

Increase support: Provision of child care services for front-line workers, gasoline

Physicians, nurses, dental workers, mental health workers, midwives, pharmacists

Primary health care, other

Data about patients/procedures, lessons learned

D'Amore (2005)

[28]

Tropical Storm Allison (2001)

Damaged/reduced/insufficient facilities, mass casualty/patient surge, unmet health and social needs

Increase numbers: solidarity staffing (e.g., deployments to/from other jurisdictions), emergency relief field hospital

Increase support: Mental health services, Housing for front-line workers

Physicians, nurses, medical imaging workers, medical laboratory workers, mental health workers, military health workers, pharmacists, public health workers

Critical care, diagnostic services, emergency medical services, hospitals, public health, other

Data about patients/procedures, challenges (problems), lessons learned

Deal (2006)

[29]

Hurricane Rita (2005)

Unmet health and social needs

Increase numbers: cross-sector staff deployments

Increase flexibility: task shifting/delegation

Nurses, community health workers, personal support workers, students, volunteers

Long-term care, other

Challenges/enablers (opportunities), lessons learned

Edwards (2007)

[30]

Hurricane Katrina (2005)

Unmet health and social needs

Increase numbers: cross-sector staff deployments, Staffing a triage center

Increase flexibility: cross-sector deployment

Physicians, nurses, mental health providers, pharmacists, students, volunteers

Community health services, diagnostic services, emergency medical services, mental health services, primary health care, public health

Data about patients/procedures, data about workforce, lessons learned

Grover (2020)

[31]

Hurricane Florence

Unmet health and social needs

Increase flexibility: telehealth/virtual care, task shifting/delegation, expanded roles

Physicians, nurses, paramedics

Community health services, other

Data about patients/procedures; effectiveness of approach

Klein (2007)

[32]

Hurricane Katrina (2005)

Damaged/reduced/insufficient facilities, mass casualty/patient surge, unmet health and social needs

Increase numbers: solidarity staffing (e.g., deployments to/from other jurisdictions), Emergency medical relief, field hospital

Physicians, nurses, paramedics, pharmacy workers

Critical care, diagnostic services, emergency medical services, hospitals, primary health care, public health

Data about workforce, challenges (problems)

Lawlor (2014)

[33]

Tropical Cyclone Yasi (2011)

Mass casualty/patient surge

Increase flexibility: alternative deployments for health workers whose normal duties are temporarily suspended

Increase support: Provision of child care services for front-line workers

Nurses, volunteers

Hospitals

Data about services, perceptions of services

Parak (2019)

[34]

Hurricane Maria (2017)

Damaged/reduced/insufficient facilities, mass casualty/patient surge, unmet health and social needs

Increase flexibility: alternative deployments for health workers whose normal duties are temporarily suspended, task shifting/delegation, new roles, cross-sector deployment, expanded roles

Physicians, nurses

Emergency medical services, hospitals

Data on patients/procedures, (enablers) what went well

Read (2016)

[35]

Typhoon Haiyan (2013)

Damaged/reduced/insufficient facilities, mass casualty/patient surge, unmet health and social needs

Increase numbers: solidarity staffing (e.g., deployments to/from other jurisdictions), international emergency medical relief, field hospital;

Physicians, nurses, paramedics

Critical care, diagnostic services, emergency medical services, hospitals

Data about patients/procedures,

Taylor (2007)

[36]

Hurricane Wilma (2005)

Mass casualty/patient surge, unmet health and social needs

Increase numbers: mobile medical vans

Physicians, nurses, pharmacists, public health workers, social workers

Community health services, mental health services, primary health care, other

data about patients/procedures

Waisman (2003)

[37]

Hurricane Mitch (1998)

Mass casualty/patient surge, unmet health and social needs, reduced workforce

Increase numbers: solidarity staffing (e.g., deployments to/from other jurisdictions), international emergency relief

Physicians

Emergency medical services, hospitals, primary health care

Data about patients/procedures, enablers/challenges

Weeks (2007)

[38]

Hurricane Katrina (2005)

Unmet health and social needs

Increase numbers: cross-sector staff deployments, shelter volunteering

Increase support: mental health services

Nurses, mental health providers, social workers, students

Emergency medical services, mental health services, primary health care

Lessons learned

Wyte-Lake (2018)

[39]

Superstorm Sandy (2012)

Excess staff within unit

Increase numbers: cross-sector staff deployments

Increase flexibility: alternative deployments for health workers whose normal duties are temporarily suspended, cross-sector deployment Increase support: housing for front-line workers, Home support for front-line workers, Transportation for redeployed workers

All hospital workers

Critical care, diagnostic services, emergency medical services, hospitals, mental health services

Lessons learned