Determinants of safety climate at primary care level in Ghana, Malawi and Uganda: a cross-sectional study across 138 selected primary healthcare facilities

Table 4 Structural model results for all countries combined

Covariate	Model 1: individual-level factors		Model 2: individual-level + unit-level factors		Model 3: individual-level + unit + organisational-level factors
Covariate	β	p-value	β	p-value	β	p-value
Sex (ref)	− 0.011	0.762	− 0.01	0.786	− 0.01	0.889
Country
Uganda (ref)	1		1		1
Ghana	− 0.09	0.014*	− 0.08	0.044	− 0.09	0.033
Malawi	− 0.17	< 0.001**	− 0.13	0.002**	− 0.12	0.005**
Job satisfaction	0.48	< 0.001**	0.19	< 0.001**	0.09	0.131
Teamwork climate			0.59	< 0.001**	0.56	< 0.001**
Supportive supervision			0.37	< 0.001**	0.34	< 0.001**
District managerial support					0.29	< 0.001**
R²	0.26		0.54		0.55

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 denote statistically significant association (bold). β denotes the standardised coefficient

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