Table 4 Perceived Contributors to Sexual Harassment (Health worker and managers FGDs and KIIs)

Perceived individual- or relationship-level contributors (from FGDs and KIIs)

“Indecent dressing”—women’s clothing provokes it

Provocative walking– women’s behavior provokes it

Medical examinations—women’s state of undress provokes it

Living away from spouse

Proximity to co-worker

Alcoholism

Libido

Morals/poor upbringing

Perceived organizational contributors (from FGDs and KIIs)

Abuse of power

Manager/supervisor power

Unclear expectations of professional behavior

Poor induction of new hires

Unclear definitions

Lack of grievance/reporting process

Lack of privacy in sleeping quarters

Belief women can be touched

Impunity for touching, sexual harassment

Only sexual assault or rape is taken seriously

Perceived cultural/societal contributors (from FGDs and KIIs)

Poverty and unemployment

Regional, ethnic and gender traits

Non-consensual touching of women